Islami Banking Ki Istilahat: Mukammal Lughat

Islami Banking Ki Istilahat: Mukammal Lughat

Kisi bhi ilm ko samajhne ki pehli seerhi us ki istilahat hain. Islami banking mein yeh mushkil aur bhi barh jati hai, kyunke yahan fiqh ki sadiyon purani Arabi istilahat aur jadeed banking ke English alfaz ek saath istemal hote hain. Bank ka numainda kehta hai: “Aap ki financing murabaha par hai, security ke liye rahn hoga, aur aap ko ek undertaking par dastakhat karne honge”; aur aam aadmi in alfaz ke bojh tale dab kar baghair samjhe dastakhat kar deta hai.

Yeh lughat isi mushkil ka hal hai. Is mein Islami banking ki pachas se zaid istilahat ko aath khandanon mein taqseem kar ke bayan kiya gaya hai. Har istilah ki taareef “jame” bhi hai, yani us ke tamaam afraad ko shamil karti hai, aur “mane” bhi, yani ghair mutalliqa cheezon ko us se kharij karti hai. Saath hi har istilah ki English, shar’i bunyad aur ek amli misal bhi di gayi hai.

Islami Banking Ki Istilahat Kaise Parhein?

Islami banking ki taqreeban tamaam products chand bunyadi muahidon se banti hain, jinhein fiqh ki zabaan mein “uqood” kaha jata hai. Aqd (Contract) do fareeqon ke darmiyan aisa muahida hai jis se shar’i huqooq aur zimmedariyan paida hon. Jis tarah chand huroof se hazaron alfaz bante hain, isi tarah in chand uqood ko mila kar Islami bank apni har product tayyar karte hain. Is liye is lughat ko khandanon ki tarteeb se parhiye.

Pehla Khandan: Bunyadi Shar’i Usool

Yeh woh usool hain jin par har Islami maaliyati muamla parkha jata hai.

1. Riba (Interest / Sood):

Qarz ya udhaar ke muamle mein baghair kisi ewaz ke mashroot izafa. Is ki do qismein hain:

• Riba al-Nasi’ah: Qarz par muddat ke badle tay shuda izafa; bankon ka sood isi qism ka hai.
• Riba al-Fadl: Sone, chandi, currency ya hum jins ghizai ajnaas ke tabadle mein kami beshi (Sahih Muslim, Hadees: 1587).

2. Gharar (Excessive Uncertainty):

Aisa muamla jis ki bunyadi cheezon, yani cheez, qeemat, miqdar ya muddat, mein itna ibham ho ke kisi fareeq ke dhoka khane ka qawi imkaan ho. Rasool-e-Akram صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَعَلَى آلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ ne gharar wali bai se mana farmaya (Sahih Muslim, Hadees: 1513). Mamooli gharar jo har muamle mein hota hai, maaf hai; mumaniat bare gharar ki hai.

3. Maysir ya Qimar (Gambling / Jua):

Aisa muamla jis mein ek ka faida lazman doosre ka nuqsan ho, aur nateeja mehnat ya paidawar ke bajaye mehaz qismat par ho (Surah Al-Maidah: 90).

4. Al-Kharaj bil-Daman (Profit follows liability):

Nafa usi ka hai jo nuqsan ki zimmedari uthaye (Sunan Abi Dawood, Hadees: 3508). Islami banking ka markazi usool yahi hai: bank nafa usi waqt le sakta hai jab woh kisi cheez ka khatra (risk) bhi uthaye.

5. Al-Ghunm bil-Ghurm (Gain with risk):

Faida nuqsan ke saath jura hai; yeh fiqhi qaida oopar wale usool hi ki tauseeh hai.

6. Daman (Liability / Zaman):

Kisi cheez ke halaak ya zaya hone ki soorat mein nuqsan ki zimmedari. Jis ke zaman mein koi cheez ho, usi ka us par nafa jaiz hai.

7. Qabz (Possession):

Kisi cheez par qabza. Is ki do sooratein hain:

• Haqeeqi qabza (Physical Possession): Cheez amalan haath mein aa jaye.
• Hukmi qabza (Constructive Possession): Cheez haath mein na ho, magar us ka khatra aur ikhtiyar muntaqil ho jaye; maslan godaam ki raseed aap ke naam ho jaye.

Bechne se pehle qabza zaroori hai, kyunke Rasool-e-Akram صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَعَلَى آلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ ne aisi cheez ka nafa lene se mana farmaya jis ka zaman na uthaya ho (Jami Tirmizi, Hadees: 1234). AAOIFI ne qabze par alag shar’i miyaar, yani Standard No. 18, jaari kiya hai.

Doosra Khandan: Khareed o Farokht Ke Uqood

8. Bai (Sale):

Kisi cheez ki milkiyat qeemat ke badle muntaqil karna. Islami banking ki bunyad yahi hai: "وَأَحَلَّ اللَّهُ الْبَيْعَ وَحَرَّمَ الرِّبَا" (Surah Al-Baqarah: 275).

9. Murabaha (Cost-Plus Sale):

Aisi bai jis mein bechne wala apni laagat zahir kar ke us par tay shuda nafa ke saath bechta hai. Islami bankon ki sab se aam financing yahi hai. Tafseel isi silsile ke murabaha wale blog mein hai.

10. Murabaha Lil-Aamir Bil-Shira (Murabaha to the Purchase Orderer):

Bankon mein raij murabaha ki woh soorat jis mein customer pehle bank ko koi cheez khareedne ka order deta hai aur khareedne ka waada karta hai; bank woh cheez khareed kar usay nafa par bechta hai. AAOIFI ka shar’i miyaar Standard No. 8 isi ke baare mein hai.

11. Musawamah (Negotiated Sale):

Aisi bai jis mein bechne wala apni laagat zahir nahin karta, aur qeemat baahami guftagu se tay hoti hai. Bazaar ki aam khareed o farokht yahi hai. Murabaha se farq: murabaha mein laagat batana lazim hai, musawamah mein nahin.

12. Bai Muajjal (Deferred Payment Sale):

Aisi bai jis mein cheez foran de di jaye aur qeemat baad mein, yakmusht ya qiston mein, ada ho. Udhaar ki wajah se naqd se zyada qeemat rakhna jaiz hai, basharte ke qeemat sauda karte waqt ek baar tay ho jaye aur baad mein takheer par na barhe.

13. Salam (Advance Payment Sale):

Aisi bai jis mein poori qeemat peshgi ada ho aur cheez ek muqarrara tareekh par baad mein di jaye. Rasool-e-Akram صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَعَلَى آلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ ne farmaya ke jo salam kare, woh maloom paimane, maloom wazan aur maloom muddat ke saath kare (Sahih Bukhari, Hadees: 2240). Kisanon ki financing ka yeh behtareen tareeqa hai. AAOIFI Standard No. 10.

14. Istisna (Manufacturing Contract):

Kisi karigar ya karkhane se koi cheez banwane ka muahida, jis ki qeemat peshgi, qiston mein ya baad mein di ja sakti hai. Salam se farq: istisna sirf banwayi jane wali cheezon mein hota hai, aur is mein poori qeemat peshgi dena zaroori nahin. AAOIFI Standard No. 11.

15. Mutawazi Salam aur Mutawazi Istisna (Parallel Salam / Parallel Istisna):

Bank ek fareeq se salam ya istisna karta hai, aur isi tarah ka ek alag aur aazad muahida kisi doosre fareeq se karta hai. Shart yeh hai ke dono muahide ek doosre par mauqoof na hon.

16. Sarf (Currency Exchange):

Sone, chandi ya currency ka aapas mein tabadla. Is mein dono taraf se fori qabza zaroori hai, aur hum jins ho to barabari bhi. Foreign exchange ke len den ka hukm isi se nikalta hai.

17. Bai al-Inah (Sale and Buy-back):

Kisi ko cheez udhaar par zyada qeemat mein bech kar, usi se foran naqd kam qeemat par wapas khareed lena. Is ka nateeja naqd kam de kar zyada wasool karna hai, is liye yeh sood ka heela hai, aur jumhoor fuqaha ke nazdeek najaiz hai.

18. Tawarruq (Monetization):

Naqd hasil karne ke liye koi cheez udhaar par khareedna, aur phir usay kisi teesre fareeq ko naqd bech dena.

• Saada tawarruq: Jab customer khud bazaar mein ja kar beche; isay baaz fuqaha ne jaiz kaha hai.
• Munazzam tawarruq (Organized Tawarruq): Jab poora amal bank khud tarteeb de; isay Islami Fiqh Academy ne najaiz qarar diya hai, aur Mufti Taqi Usmani isay shadeed majboori tak mehdood rakhne ke qayil hain.

19. Commodity Murabaha:

Bain-ul-aqwami mandiyon mein dhaaton ya ajnaas ki khareed o farokht ke zariye raqam ka intezam; umooman tawarruq hi ki ek soorat, is liye is par bhi wahi tahaffuzaat hain. AAOIFI Standard No. 20 munazzam mandiyon mein ajnaas ki farokht ke baare mein hai.

20. Bai al-Dayn (Sale of Debt):

Qarz ya wajib-ul-ada raqam ko kisi doosre ko bechna. Agar yeh kam ya zyada qeemat par ho, to sood hai; isi liye Islami bank apni “qabil-e-wasool raqoom” ko discount par nahin bech sakte.

Teesra Khandan: Ijarah (Kiraya Dari)

21. Ijarah (Lease):

Kisi cheez ka faida muqarrara muddat ke liye muqarrara kiraye par doosre ko dena, jabke milkiyat maalik hi ke paas rahe. Maalik hone ki wajah se cheez ke bare nuqsan ka zimmedar bank hota hai. AAOIFI Standard No. 9.

22. Ijarah Muntahia Bittamleek (Lease ending in ownership):

Woh ijarah jo milkiyat ki muntaqili par khatam ho; muddat poori hone par cheez ek alag bai ya hiba ke zariye kirayedar ki milkiyat mein aa jati hai. Islami car financing isi par mabni hai.

23. Ijarah Mausoofa Fiz-Zimmah (Forward Ijarah):

Aisi cheez ka ijarah jo abhi mojood nahin, magar us ki sifaat tay hain, aur jo mustaqbil mein faraham ki jayegi; maslan zer-e-tameer makaan. Kiraya cheez ki hawalgi ke baad hi wajib hota hai.

24. Sale and Lease Back:

Apni koi cheez bank ko bech kar usi se kiraye par le lena. Yeh kuch sharaait ke saath jaiz hai, basharte ke yeh bai al-inah ka zariya na bane; isi liye Shariah board is ki kari nigrani karte hain.

25. Security Deposit:

Ijarah mein kirayedar ki taraf se di jane wali zamanati raqam, jo milkiyat mein hissa nahin, balke kirayedar ki zimmedariyon ki zamanat hai.

Chautha Khandan: Shirakat Ke Uqood

26. Shirkat (Partnership):

Do ya zyada afraad ka kisi maal ya karobar mein shareek hona. Is ki do bari qismein hain:

• Shirkat-ul-Milk: Kisi cheez ki mushtarka milkiyat, maslan do bhaiyon ka wirasat mein mila makaan.
• Shirkat-ul-Aqd: Muahide ke zariye karobar mein shirakat. AAOIFI Standard No. 12.

27. Musharakah:

Do ya zyada afraad ka sarmaya mila kar mushtarka karobar karna.

• Nafa: Baahami razamandi se tay shuda tanasub se.
• Nuqsan: Lazman sarmaye ke tanasub se.
• Kisi shareek ke liye nafa ki muqarrara raqam tay karna jaiz nahin.

28. Musharakah Mutanaqisa (Diminishing Musharakah):

Aisi shirakat jis mein ek shareek ka hissa batadreej kam hota jata hai aur doosra usay khareedta rehta hai, yahan tak ke poori cheez ka maalik ban jaye. Islami home financing isi par mabni hai.

29. Running Musharakah:

Karobar ke rozmarra sarmaye ke liye aisi shirakat jis mein bank ek had tak raqam deta hai, aur karobar jitni raqam jitne din istemal kare, usi hisaab se bank haqeeqi nafa mein shareek hota hai.

30. Mudarabah:

Aisi shirakat jis mein ek fareeq sarmaya deta hai aur doosra mehnat aur maharat.

• Rabb-ul-Maal: Sarmaya dene wala.
• Mudarib: Mehnat karne wala.
• Nafa: Tay shuda tanasub se.
• Maali nuqsan: Sarmaya dene wale ka, illa yeh ke mudarib ki ghaflat ya khayanat saabit ho.

AAOIFI Standard No. 13.

31. Mutlaq aur Muqayyad Mudarabah (Unrestricted / Restricted):

• Mutlaq: Mudarib ko kisi bhi halal karobar mein sarmaya lagane ka ikhtiyar ho.
• Muqayyad: Sarmaya dene wala karobar ki qism, jagah ya muddat ki pabandi laga de.

32. Nafa Ka Tanasub (Profit Sharing Ratio, PSR):

Woh tay shuda tanasub jis ke mutabiq nafa taqseem hota hai, maslan 60:40. Tanasub tay hota hai, raqam nahin.

Paanchwan Khandan: Deposits aur Pool Management

33. Qarz (Qard / Loan):

Kisi ko raqam is shart par dena ke woh utni hi wapas kare. Is par koi bhi mashroot izafa sood hai. Islami bank ka current account shar’an bank ko diya gaya qarz hai. AAOIFI Standard No. 19.

34. Qarz-e-Hasana (Benevolent Loan):

Khalis neki ki niyyat se diya gaya qarz, jis par koi izafa na ho.

35. Pool:

Depositors ki raqoom ka woh mushtarka zakheera jise bank mudarabah ya wakalah ki bunyad par halal sarmaya kari mein lagata hai.

36. Weightage:

Pool ke nafa mein har account ko us ki raqam, muddat aur qism ke lihaaz se diya jane wala wazan; tawil muddati deposit ko zyada wazan milta hai. Yeh wazan pehle se zahir karna zaroori hai.

37. Hiba (Gift):

Bank ki taraf se baghair kisi peshgi shart ke diya jane wala tohfa. Agar yeh pehle se tay ya lazmi ho to hiba nahin rehta, balke ek mashroot izafa ban jata hai.

38. Profit Equalization Reserve (PER):

Achhe dinon ke nafa ka ek hissa alag rakhna, taake bure dinon mein depositors ke nafa mein bohat zyada kami na aaye. Yeh depositors ki razamandi se aur shaffaf tareeqe se hona chahiye.

39. Investment Risk Reserve (IRR):

Mumkina nuqsanaat se bachao ke liye depositors ke hisse ke nafa mein se alag rakhi gayi raqam.

Chhata Khandan: Mu’awin Uqood aur Waade

40. Wakalah (Agency):

Kisi ko apni taraf se kaam anjaam dene ka numainda banana, ujrat ke saath ya baghair. AAOIFI Standard No. 23.

41. Wakalah bil-Istismar (Investment Agency):

Sarmaya kari ke liye wakalat, jis mein bank ek muqarrara fee le kar aap ki raqam sarmaya kari mein lagata hai, aur nafa aap ka hota hai.

42. Kafalah (Guarantee):

Kisi doosre ki zimmedari ki zamanat lena, maslan bank guarantee. AAOIFI Standard No. 5.

43. Rahn (Pledge / Mortgage):

Adaigi ki zamanat ke taur par koi qeemti cheez girwi rakhna. Girwi rakhne wala us cheez se faida nahin utha sakta. AAOIFI Standard No. 39.

44. Hawalah (Transfer of Debt):

Apna qarz kisi doosre ki taraf muntaqil karna, jo us ki adaigi ki zimmedari qubool kare. AAOIFI Standard No. 7.

45. Wa’d (Unilateral Promise):

Yak tarfa waada; jaise murabaha mein customer ka yeh waada ke woh bank se cheez khareedega. Yeh waada khud muahida nahin, magar baaz sooraton mein is ki pabandi lazim qarar di gayi hai.

46. Muwa’adah (Bilateral Promise):

Dono fareeqon ka ek doosre se waada. Agar dono taraf ka waada lazim ho, to yeh muahide jaisa ban jata hai, is liye baaz sooraton mein mamnoo hai. AAOIFI Standard No. 49 wa’d aur muwa’adah ke baare mein hai.

47. Arbun (Earnest Money / Bayana):

Sauda pakka karne ke liye peshgi ada ki gayi raqam; khareedar sauda mukammal kare to yeh qeemat ka hissa ban jati hai, aur inkaar kare to bechne wale ki ho jati hai. Imam Ahmad isay jaiz kehte hain, jabke deegar aimma ko is par aitraz hai.

48. Ju’alah (Reward Contract):

Kisi makhsoos kaam ke poora hone par muqarrara inaam ka waada; maslan “jo meri gumshuda cheez dhoond laye, usay itni raqam milegi”. AAOIFI Standard No. 15.

Saatwan Khandan: Capital Market aur Sarmaya Kari

49. Sukuk:

Aise sarmaya kari certificates jo kisi haqeeqi asaase, mansoobe ya karobar mein milkiyati hisse ki numaindagi karte hain. Bond se farq: bond qarz ki raseed hai, jabke sak milkiyat ka hissa. AAOIFI Standard No. 17.

50. Shariah Screening:

Kisi company ke shares ko shar’i miyaar par parakhne ka tareeqa: us ka bunyadi karobar halal ho, aur us ke soodi qarze aur soodi aamdani muqarrara had se kam hon.

51. Tatheer (Purification):

Sarmaya kari mein shamil ghair iradi ghair shar’i aamdani ka tanasub nikaal kar sadqa kar dena.

52. Shariah Compliant Fund:

Aisa mutual fund jo sirf shar’i miyaar par poori utarne wali companies ke shares, sukuk ya deegar halal zaraye mein sarmaya lagaye.

Aathwan Khandan: Takaful

53. Takaful:

Baahami ta’awun ka aisa nizaam jis mein shuraka ek mushtarka fund mein atiyaat dete hain, aur is fund se nuqsan uthane wale shuraka ki madad ki jati hai.

54. Shuraka Ka Takaful Fund (Participants’ Takaful Fund, PTF):

Woh fund jis mein shuraka ke atiyaat jama hote hain aur jis se claims ki adaigi hoti hai.

55. Waqf Model:

Takaful ka woh model jis mein shuraka ke atiyaat ek waqf fund mein jama hote hain; Pakistan mein takaful ka yahi model raij hai.

56. Wakalah Fee:

Takaful company ki taraf se fund ka intezam sambhalne ke ewaz wasool ki jane wali fee; company fund ki muntazim hai, maalik nahin.

Pakistan Mein In Istilahat Ka Qanooni Darja

Yeh istilahat mehaz fiqhi behes nahin, balke Pakistan mein qanooni taur par lazmi miyaaraat ka hissa hain. State Bank of Pakistan ne 12 January 2010 ke circular ke zariye faisla kiya ke AAOIFI ke shar’i miyaaraat ko maqami mahol aur zarooraton ko dekhte hue tafseeli jaize ke baad tadreejan apnaya jayega; pehle marhale mein Standard No. 3 (qarzdar ki taraf se adaigi mein takheer), No. 8 (murabaha lil-aamir bil-shira), No. 9 (ijarah aur ijarah muntahia bittamleek) aur No. 13 (mudarabah) apnaye gaye. Is ke baad mazeed miyaaraat apnaye jate rahe, aur State Bank ne apnaye gaye tamaam shar’i miyaaraat ka ek majmooa (Compendium) jaari kiya hai, jo 31 July 2025 tak update kiya gaya hai. sbpsbp

(State Bank ka Majmooa-e-Shar’i Miyaaraat:

https://www.sbp.org.pk/ifpd/compendium/Compendium.pdf)

Aakhri Baat

Yeh lughat Islami banking ke safar ka naqsha hai. Jab aap in istilahat ko samajh lete hain, to bank ka har kaaghaz aap ke liye ek khuli kitab ban jata hai, aur aap yeh parakh sakte hain ke aap ka muamla waqai shar’i usoolon ke mutabiq hai ya nahin. Is silsile ke agle blogs mein in mein se har bari product, yani murabaha, ijarah, musharakah mutanaqisa, Islami accounts, sukuk, takaful, salam aur istisna, ki alag tafseeli rehnumai pesh ki jayegi.