Murabaha Kya Hai? Islami Bank Ki Murabaha Financing Ki Mukammal Rehnumai


Agar aap kisi Islami bank se karobar ke liye khaam maal, stock ya machinery ki financing lein, to ghaalib imkaan hai ke woh “murabaha” ki bunyad par hogi. Yeh Islami bankon ka sab se maqbool tareeqa hai, aur isi liye sab se zyada sawalat bhi isi par uthte hain: “Murabaha mein bhi to bank zyada paise leta hai, yeh sood kyun nahin?” “Bank to dukaandar nahin, woh samaan kaise bechta hai?” “Saare kaaghazaat ek din mein dastakhat ho gaye, to bai kab hui?”

Yeh rehnumai inhi sawalat ka mukammal jawab hai. Is mein murabaha ki fiqhi bunyad se le kar bank ki dastavezaat, aam ghaltiyon aur customer ki zimmedari tak har pehlu ko tafseel se bayan kiya gaya hai.


Murabaha Ki Taareef


“Murabaha” Arabi lafz “ribh” se bana hai, jis ka matlab hai nafa. Fiqh ki istilah mein murabaha aisi khareed o farokht hai jis mein bechne wala khareedar ko saaf batata hai ke yeh cheez usay kitne mein pari, aur woh is par kitna nafa le raha hai. English mein isay Cost-Plus Sale, yani laagat jama nafa par farokht, kehte hain.

Murabaha “buyoo-e-amanat” mein se hai, yani woh bai jis mein khareedar bechne wale ki batayi hui laagat par aitmaad karta hai. Isi liye is mein dayanat bunyadi shart hai: agar bechne wala apni laagat ghalat bataye, to khareedar ko ikhtiyar hai ke woh sauda khatam kar de ya ghalat bayani ke baqadr qeemat kam karwaye.


Murabaha Ki Fiqhi Bunyad


Murabaha koi jadeed ijaad nahin; yeh sadiyon se fiqh ki kitabon mein ek jaiz bai ke taur par mojood hai. Is ki bunyad Quran ka yeh elaan hai: "وَأَحَلَّ اللَّهُ الْبَيْعَ وَحَرَّمَ الرِّبَا" (Surah Al-Baqarah: 275). Chunke murabaha bai hi ki ek soorat hai, is liye is ka jawaz bai ke jawaz se saabit hai. Aimma-e-Arba isay jaiz qarar dete hain, basharte ke laagat aur nafa maloom hon.

Ek aham wazahat: Murabaha apni asal mein financing ka tareeqa nahin, balke ek tijarati sauda hai. Islami bankon ne isay “bai muajjal”, yani udhaar bai, ke saath mila kar financing ki zaroorat poori karne ka zariya banaya hai.


Bankon Ka Murabaha: Murabaha Lil-Aamir Bil-Shira


Bank koi dukaan nahin jis mein samaan pehle se mojood ho. Is liye bankon mein murabaha ki ek khaas soorat raij hai, jise fiqh mein “murabaha lil-aamir bil-shira” (Murabaha to the Purchase Orderer) kaha jata hai: customer bank ko koi cheez khareedne ka order deta hai, aur waada karta hai ke bank woh cheez khareed le to woh usay bank se khareed lega.

Is soorat ko Islami Fiqh Academy ne bhi jaiz qarar diya hai, basharte ke bank waqai cheez ka maalik bane aur us ka khatra uthaye. AAOIFI ne is par apna shar’i miyaar Standard No. 8 jaari kiya hai, jise State Bank of Pakistan ne pehle hi marhale mein apna liya tha. State Bank ne 12 January 2010 ke circular ke zariye AAOIFI ke jin miyaaraat ko pehle marhale mein apnaya, un mein Standard No. 8 (murabaha lil-aamir bil-shira) bhi shamil tha.

(Circular: https://www.sbp.org.pk/ibd/2010/C1.htm) sbp


Islami Bank Mein Murabaha Ke Saat Marahil


Farz kijiye ek kapra factory ko das lakh rupay ka dhaaga chahiye, magar us ke paas naqd raqam nahin. Islami bank mein yeh muamla in saat marhalon se guzarta hai:


Marhala 1: Master Murabaha Muahida (Master Murabaha Facility Agreement):

Bank aur factory ek bunyadi muahida karte hain, jis mein umoomi sharaait tay hoti hain: financing ki had, nafa ka ta’ayyun, adaigi ka tareeqa aur zamanatein. Yeh muahida abhi koi bai nahin; yeh sirf aainda hone wale saudon ka framework hai.


Marhala 2: Waada (Promise to Purchase):

Factory waada karti hai ke agar bank matlooba dhaaga khareed le to woh usay bank se khareed legi. Yeh waada bank ko is khatre se bachata hai ke woh maal khareed le aur customer inkaar kar de. Agar customer waada tore, to woh bank ko sirf us haqeeqi nuqsan ki talafi karega jo bank ko maal sasta bechne ki soorat mein hua; mutawaqqa nafa ka mutalba jaiz nahin.


Marhala 3: Wakalat (Agency Agreement):

Aksar bank factory hi ko apna wakeel (Agent) banata hai ke woh bank ki taraf se, bank ke paison se, supplier se dhaaga khareede. Is marhale par factory khareedar nahin, balke bank ki numainda hai.


Marhala 4: Bank Ki Khareedari:

Factory, bank ki wakeel ki haisiyat se, supplier se dhaaga khareedti hai. Adaigi bank karta hai, behtar yeh hai ke barah-e-raast supplier ko. Ab dhaaga bank ki milkiyat hai.


Marhala 5: Qabza aur Khatra:

Dhaaga amalan factory ke paas ho sakta hai, magar woh usay bank ki amanat ke taur par rakhti hai. Yeh bank ka hukmi qabza hai. Is dauran agar dhaaga aag ya kisi aafat mein zaya ho jaye, to nuqsan bank ka hoga. Yahi woh marhala hai jo murabaha ko sood se juda karta hai, kyunke bank ek haqeeqi cheez ka maalik hai aur us ka khatra utha raha hai.


Marhala 6: Farokht Ki Peshkash aur Qubooliyat (Offer and Acceptance):

Khareedari mukammal hone ke baad factory, ab wakeel ke bajaye khareedar ki haisiyat se, bank ko ittela deti hai ke maal khareed liya gaya hai, aur usay khareedne ki peshkash karti hai. Bank qubool karta hai. Is waqt baqaida bai hoti hai: bank das lakh ka dhaaga gyarah lakh rupay mein, maslan chhe maah ke udhaar par, factory ko bech deta hai.


Marhala 7: Adaigi aur Zamanat:

Factory tay shuda tareekh par, ya qiston mein, gyarah lakh rupay ada karti hai. Adaigi ki zamanat ke liye bank rahn (girwi), zaati zamanat ya promissory note le sakta hai.


Murabaha Ki Lazmi Sharaait


1. Cheez mojood ho aur bank ki milkiyat mein ho:

Rasool-e-Akram صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَعَلَى آلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ ne Hazrat Hakeem bin Hizam se farmaya: "لَا تَبِعْ مَا لَيْسَ عِنْدَكَ", jo cheez tumhare paas nahin, usay na becho (Sunan Abi Dawood, Hadees: 3503).


2. Bank khatra uthaye:

Khareedari aur farokht ke darmiyan maal ka khatra bank par ho. Rasool-e-Akram صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَعَلَى آلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ ne us cheez ka nafa lene se mana farmaya jis ka zaman na uthaya ho (Jami Tirmizi, Hadees: 1234).


3. Qeemat ek baar aur qat’i taur par tay ho:

Farokht ke waqt qeemat aur adaigi ki muddat tay ho jaye, aur baad mein kisi soorat na barhe.


4. Laagat zahir ki jaye:

Bank apni asal laagat saaf bataye; khareedari ki raseed aur dastavezaat is ka saboot hain.


5. Murabaha sirf haqeeqi cheez ka ho:

Paise, tankhwahon, bills ya purane qarz ki adaigi ke liye murabaha nahin ho sakta, kyunke wahan khareedne ko koi cheez nahin.


6. Cheez halal ho:

Sharaab, sood par mabni asaase ya koi haram cheez murabaha ka mauzoo nahin ban sakti.


7. Supplier customer se alag ho:

Agar customer apna hi maal bank ko bech kar wapas khareede, to yeh bai al-inah hai.


Murabaha Ki Qeemat Kaise Tay Hoti Hai? KIBOR Ka Masla


Aksar Islami bank murabaha ka nafa tay karne ke liye KIBOR (Karachi Interbank Offered Rate), yani Karachi ke bankon ke darmiyan qarz ki sharah, ko hawale ke taur par istemal karte hain. Is par sawal uthta hai ke jab nafa sood ki sharah se tay hota hai, to yeh sood kyun nahin?


Jawab: Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani ne apni kutub mein is aitraz ka jawab ek misal se diya hai: agar koi Musalman tajir sharaab nahin bechta, magar apni halal ashya ka nafa yeh dekh kar tay kare ke sharaab farosh kitna kamate hain, to is se us ki tijarat haram nahin ho jati. Muamle ki hillat us ki nau’iyat se tay hoti hai, us ki qeemat ke hawale se nahin. Murabaha mein bank ek haqeeqi cheez ka maalik ban kar usay bechta hai; nafa ka ta’ayyun kisi bhi paimane se ho, muamla bai hi rehta hai.

Albatta woh tasleem karte hain ke yeh misali soorat nahin. Behtar yeh hai ke Islami banking ka apna alag benchmark ho, jo haqeeqi maeeshat ke nafa par mabni ho. Is aitraz ka tafseeli jaiza isi silsile ke hissa chaharam mein aayega.


Ek bunyadi farq: Soodi qarz mein agar sharah barhe to aap ki qist bhi barh jati hai; murabaha mein ek baar qeemat tay ho jaye to KIBOR kitna bhi barhe, aap ki raqam ek rupaya nahin barhti.


Murabaha Kab Sood Ban Jata Hai? Saat Aam Ghaltiyan


Murabaha ka dhaancha jaiz hai, magar agar is ki sharaait poori na hon, to yeh amalan sood ban jata hai:


1. Tamaam kaaghazaat ek saath dastakhat karwana:

Agar khareedari se pehle hi farokht ka muahida dastakhat ho jaye, to bank aisi cheez bech raha hai jo us ki milkiyat mein nahin.


2. Pichhli tareekh ki raseedein:

Agar customer pehle hi apne liye maal khareed chuka ho, aur baad mein kaaghazaat mein usay bank ka wakeel zahir kiya jaye, to bank ne kuch khareeda hi nahin; yeh mehaz kaaghazi karrawai hai.


3. Bai al-inah:

Customer apna hi maal bank ko beche aur phir wahi maal udhaar par zyada qeemat mein wapas khareed le.


4. Rollover:

Adaigi ki tareekh par usi maal par naya murabaha kar ke muddat aur qeemat barha dena. Yeh zamana-e-jahiliyat ke us sood jaisa hai jis mein kaha jata tha: “Ya abhi ada karo, ya raqam barhao.”


5. Naqd raqam ka murabaha:

Tankhwah ya bill ada karne ke liye “murabaha” ke naam se naqd raqam dena.


6. Adaigi customer ke account mein:

Agar bank khareedari ki raqam supplier ke bajaye customer ke account mein daal de, aur customer usay kisi bhi kaam mein istemal kar le, to yeh amalan naqd qarz hai.


7. Takheer par qeemat mein izafa:

Qist mein takheer par bank ka apne liye izafi raqam lena.

Yahi wajah hai ke Islami bankon ka Shariah compliance shoba murabaha ki har transaction mein khareedari ki raseedon, tareekhon ki tarteeb aur milkiyat ke saboot ki jaanch karta hai.


Takheer aur Jald Adaigi Ka Hukm


Takheer ki soorat mein:

Bank apne liye koi izafi raqam nahin le sakta. Waqt par adaigi ko yaqeeni banane ke liye customer yeh waada karta hai ke takheer ki soorat mein woh ek raqam sadqa karega; yeh raqam bank ke charity fund mein jati hai, bank ki aamdani nahin banti, aur Shariah board ki nigrani mein falahi kaamon par kharch hoti hai. AAOIFI Standard No. 3 (qarzdar ki taraf se adaigi mein takheer) isi ke baare mein hai.


Jald adaigi ki soorat mein:

Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani ke mutabiq muahide mein yeh shart rakhna durust nahin ke jald adaigi par qeemat kam hogi, kyunke is se qeemat ghair yaqeeni ho jati hai; albatta bank apni marzi se, baghair peshgi shart ke, riayat (rebate) de sakta hai.


Murabaha aur Soodi Qarz: Tafseeli Muwazana



Udhaar Mein Zyada Qeemat Sood Kyun Nahin?


Yeh sab se aam sawal hai. Jawab yeh hai ke shariat mein udhaar saude ki qeemat naqd se zyada rakhna jaiz hai, aur jumhoor fuqaha is par muttafiq hain, basharte ke qeemat sauda karte waqt ek baar tay ho jaye.

Farq ko yun samjhiye:




  • Soodi qarz mein “waqt” ki qeemat paise par wasool ki jati hai, aur har din ki takheer ke saath raqam barhti rehti hai.
  • Udhaar bai mein “cheez” ki qeemat tay hoti hai, jis mein udhaar ka lihaaz rakha gaya ho. Sauda mukammal hote hi yeh qeemat ek muqarrara raqam ban jati hai, jo takheer se ek rupaya bhi nahin barhti.

Paisa aur cheez, do alag haqeeqatein hain: cheez ki qeemat bazaar ki zaroorat, miyaar aur adaigi ke waqt se tay ho sakti hai, jabke paise ka tabadla paise se barabari ke saath hi hota hai.


Mufti Taqi Usmani Ki Raye: Ehtiyat Ke Saath Ijazat


Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani, jinhon ne Pakistan mein Islami banking ki bunyad rakhne mein markazi kirdar ada kiya, apni kitab “An Introduction to Islamic Finance” mein murabaha ke baare mein ek mutawazin mauqif ikhtiyar karte hain:




  • Murabaha asalan financing ka misali tareeqa nahin, balke ek uboori tareeqa hai.
  • Isay sirf un jagahon par istemal hona chahiye jahan musharakah aur mudarabah mumkin na hon.
  • Is ki tamaam sharaait ki poori pabandi zaroori hai; warna yeh mehaz naam ki tabdeeli ban kar reh jayega.

Un ka yeh intebah is baat ka saboot hai ke Islami banking ke sab se bare haami bhi murabaha ko aankhein band kar ke qubool nahin karte, balke is ki hudood ko wazeh taur par bayan karte hain.


Customer Ki Checklist: Kya Aap Ka Murabaha Durust Hai?


Agar aap murabaha financing le rahe hain, to yeh sawalat zaroor poochiye:




  1. Kya bank ne, khud ya wakeel ke zariye, pehle samaan khareeda, aur phir mujhe becha?
  2. Kya khareedari ki adaigi supplier ko ki gayi, ya mere account mein?
  3. Kya wakalat aur farokht ke kaaghazaat par alag alag waqt dastakhat hue?
  4. Kya farokht ke waqt qeemat hatmi taur par tay hui?
  5. Kya takheer ki soorat mein izafi raqam charity mein jati hai?
  6. Kya muddat khatam hone par rollover to nahin kiya ja raha?


Agar in sawalat ka jawab itminan bakhsh hai, to aap ka muamla shar’i usoolon ke qareeb hai.


Mustanad Maakhaz





Aakhri Baat


Murabaha na sood hai aur na hi har haal mein jaiz; is ka daar o madar sharaait ki pabandi par hai. Jab bank waqai cheez ka maalik bane, us ka khatra uthaye, aur qeemat ek baar tay kar ke kabhi na barhaye, to yeh Quran ke bayan karda “bai” ki ek soorat hai. Aur jab yeh sharaait mehaz kaaghazon tak mehdood reh jayein, to yahi murabaha sood ka heela ban jata hai. Ek ba-shaoor customer ki zimmedari hai ke woh in sharaait ko jaane, aur apne bank se in ki pabandi ka mutalba kare.